Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Chloride

Basic Information of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Chloride

CAS No.	50525-27-4
EC No.	256-616-8
Chemical Formula	[Ru(C₁₀H₈N₂)₃]Cl₂
Molecular Weight	748.62 g/mol (anhydrous basis)
Appearance	Bright orange-red to red crystalline powder or hydrated solid
Odor	Odorless
Melting point	Decomposes before melting (>300 °C)
Boiling point	Not applicable (decomposes)
Density	approx. 1.6–1.8 g/cm³
Solubility	Highly soluble in water; soluble in acetonitrile, DMF, DMSO, methanol
Nature (hazards)	May cause skin and eye irritation, harmful if swallowed, toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
RIDADR	UN 3077, Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. (Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride), Class 9, Packing Group III
Chemical Structure

Primary Applications of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Chloride

[Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂ is a benchmark photosensitizer and photoredox catalyst, leveraging its long-lived excited state and reversible redox behavior for diverse light-driven applications.

1. Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis
   Enables efficient single-electron transfer processes for organic transformations including reductions, oxidations, and C–C/C–heteroatom bond formations under mild, sustainable conditions in pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis.

2. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
   Serves as a model Ru(II) photosensitizer for light harvesting in DSSCs, providing high molar extinction coefficients and long excited-state lifetimes for efficient charge injection and energy conversion.

3. Luminescent Probes & Bioimaging
   Utilized as a highly emissive probe with long-lived triplet emission for oxygen sensing, cellular imaging, DNA/RNA staining, and time-resolved luminescence assays in biological research.

4. Photocatalytic Water Splitting & CO₂ Reduction
   Functions in homogeneous or heterogeneous systems for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and CO₂ reduction, supporting artificial photosynthesis and sustainable energy research.

5. Organic Synthesis & Methodology Development
   Widely applied in visible-light-mediated radical reactions, cycloadditions, and asymmetric transformations, offering new synthetic strategies for complex molecule construction.

6. Advanced Materials & Optoelectronics
   Incorporated into light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), OLEDs, and photoactive polymers, leveraging its tunable photophysical and redox properties for functional materials.

• Superior Purity & Photophysical Consistency
  Rigorous quality controls ensure high Ru content, minimal impurities, and reproducible emission lifetime and quantum yield for reliable photoredox and luminescent results.

• Secure Precious Metal Sourcing
  Transparent, responsible ruthenium procurement with inventory buffering to provide supply stability and competitive pricing.

• Technical Photochemistry Support
  Dedicated specialists offer guidance on excited-state quenching, co-catalyst pairing, reaction optimization, and scale-up for maximum efficiency in photocatalysis and sensing.

• Comprehensive Regulatory Compliance
  Full COA, REACH, RoHS, and detailed SDS documentation to facilitate seamless integration into research, energy, and materials applications.

• Sustainability Commitment
  Ethical sourcing practices and ruthenium recovery/recycling programs aligned with ESG objectives and sustainable energy/materials development.

Hazards Classification

• GHS Classification: Acute Toxicity, Oral (Category 4); Skin Irritation (Category 2); Eye Irritation (Category 2A); Aquatic Chronic (Category 3)

• Hazard Statements: H302: Harmful if swallowed; H315: Causes skin irritation; H319: Causes serious eye irritation; H413: May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life

• UN Number: UN 3077

• Hazard Class: 9 (Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles)

• Packing Group: III